Physics began in antiquity as natural philosphy, but science slowed as the Roman Empire reigned. As a culture, the Romans were more interested in politics and the expansion of the empire. The Romans pursued applied science instead of philosophy, and were excellent engineers and architects. Their systems of roads and aqueducts were major factors in the immense spread of the empire and are still marvels today.
The progress of physics was virtually stagnant, but it was only temporary.
The Caliphate
As the Roman Empire collapsed in on itself, the economy of Europe evaporated and the pursuit of philosophy could not be supported. The progress of science pretty much ground to a halt. Later Islam rose in the Middle East, and spread to parts of Africa and Europe. This new empire was known as the Caliphate. It brought trade and economic dominance which allowed for the pursuit science. The Caliphate also valued knowledge, and was instrumental in preserving much of what we know about antiquity.
Many new developments in science occurred during this time. The astrolabe, a device used in navigation and astronomy was invented (many modern star names have Arabic origins). Alchemy was invented, the precursor to chemistry. The idea that light reflected off objects instead of emanating from the observer's eyes took hold, and the science of optics began.
The biggest contribution of the Caliphate may well have been the discovery of the number zero. This modest number shouldn't be underestimated, it was absolutely crucial for the advancement of mathematics. The Caliphate also created algebra, which was fundamental for the study of Newtonian physics later on.
